Rust and Ruin: How Deindustrialization’s Ghosts Shape Urban Health and Landscapes
PDF
HTML

Keywords

deindustrialization
public health
built environment
vacant land

How to Cite

Hardy, H., & Deitrick, S. (2026). Rust and Ruin: How Deindustrialization’s Ghosts Shape Urban Health and Landscapes. Journal of Healthy Eating and Active Living, 6(2), 134–153. https://doi.org/10.51250/jheal.v6i2.117

Abstract

The closure of steel mills along the Monongahela River in the late 20th century dramatically reshaped communities in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. This case study examines the enduring impacts of deindustrialization on McKeesport, Pennsylvania, one of those river towns and once at the epicenter of the Pittsburgh region's industrial revolution. McKeesport, like many former industrial hubs, has long grappled with the impacts of deindustrialization, including population loss, economic decline, and striking health disparities. The physical landscape bears witness to this transformation, with high rates of blight, vacant land, and abandoned properties. Through the lens of neoliberal capitalism, this research explores how deindustrialization fundamentally altered the community’s fabric and health outcomes. The question guiding this research is how do the long-term outcomes of deindustrialization impacting the built environment contribute to health experiences of the people who live in McKeesport, PA? The study identifies strategies for mitigating these impacts of deindustrialization, particularly by addressing the legacy that vacant land and abandoned property have on health policy implications. Ultimately, this project contributes to the broader discourse on reducing health disparities in deindustrialized communities, offering insights that may inform policy and revitalization efforts in similar post-industrial landscapes across the United States considering persistent neoliberal trends.

https://doi.org/10.51250/jheal.v6i2.117
PDF
HTML

References

References

Allegheny County Department of Human Services. (2022). Homicides in Allegheny County and the City of Pittsburgh, 2016 through 2021. https://alleghenycountyanalytics.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/22-ACDHS-05-Homicide_2016-2021_v5.pdf

Allegheny County Health Department (2025). Allegheny County Community Health Indicators. https://www.alleghenycounty.us/Services/Health-Department/Community-Indicators-and-Health-Data

Ansari, Z., Carson, N. J., Ackland, M. J., Vaughan, L. & Serraglio, A. (2003). A public health model of social determinants of health. Praventivmed, 48, 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-003-2052-4

Bluestone, B., & Harrison, B. (1982). The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry. Basic Books, Inc.

Bohnel, S. (2025, July 14). Mon Valley braces for potential program cuts in coming years: ‘It is a scary thing and it’s very real’. Pittsburgh Post Gazette. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/politics-local/2025/07/14/mon-valley-cuts-medicaid-snap/stories/202507110084

Bonham, J.B., Spilka, G, & Rastorfer, D. (2002). Old Cities/Green Cities: Communities Transform Unmanaged Land. American Planning Association. https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026843/

Branas, C. C., South, E., Kondo, M. C., Hohl, B. C., Bourgois, P., Wiebe, D. J., & MacDonald, J. M. (2018). Citywide cluster randomized trial to restore blighted vacant land and its effects on violence, crime, and fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(12), 2946-2951. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718503115

Brenner, N., & Theodore, N. (2010). Neoliberalism and the urban condition. City, 9(1), 101-107. doi:10.1080/13604810500092106

Brenner, N., & Theodore, N. (2002). Cities and the Geographies of "Actually Existing Neoliberalism". Antipode, 349-379.

Carlet, F., Schilling, J., & Heckert, M. (2017). Greening U.S. legacy cities: Urban agriculture as a strategy for reclaiming vacant land. Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems, 41(8), 887-906. doi:10.1080/21683565.2017.1311288

Casey, M. (2025, April 13). The World Downs a poison pill. The World Downs A Poison Pill - by Mark Casey. https://takes48.substack.com/p/the-world-downs-a-poison-pill?utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web

Centers for Disease Control. (2025). Places: Local Data for Better Health. National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health. https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/22c7182a162d45788dd52a2362f8ed65

City of McKeesport. (2024). Social Determinants of Health Accelerator Plan: Bridges to Care. https://www.mckeesport-pa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/758/McKeesport-SDOH-Accelerator-Plan-PDF.

Cowie, J. & Heathcott, J. (Eds.) (2003). Beyond the Ruins: The Meanings of Deindustrialization. ILR Press.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches Fifth Edition. Sage Publications, Inc.

Cummins, I. (2018). Poverty, inequality and social work: The impact of neo-liberalism and austerity politics on welfare provision. Policy Press.

DeCuir, J. T., Marshall, P. L., & McCullouch, A. W. (2011). Developing and Using a Codebook for the Analysis of Interview Data: An Example from a Professional Development Research Project. Field Methods, 23(2), 136-155.

Deitrick, S. (2015). Cultural Change in Pittsburgh: A Demographic Analysis at City and County Scales. The Pennsylvania Geographer, 53(2), 71-92.

Deitrick, S. (1999). The postindustrial revitalization of Pittsburgh: myths and evidence. Community Development Journal 38: 16-25.

Delta Development Group. (2013). Financial Impact of Blight on the Tri-COG Communities. https://tricoglandbank.org/resources/

Dieterich-Ward, A. (2016). Beyond Rust: Metropolitan Pittsburgh and the Fate of Industrial America. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Finch, R. (2019, April 8). Mayor Hopes Redevelopment Efforts Can Help Change Perceptions. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=1380#body-anchor

Firestine A, Murrell AJ. Built Environment and Gender-Based Vulnerability as Key Drivers of Food Insecurity in Allegheny County. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Jul 11;21(7):906. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21070906. PMID: 39063483; PMCID: PMC11276721.

Garvin, E., Branas, C., Keddem, S., Sellman, J., & Cannuscio, C. (2013). More than just an eyesore: Local insights and solutions on vacant land and urban health. Journal of Urban Health, 90(3), 412-426. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11524-012-9782-7

Glaeser, E. (2011). Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier and Happier. The Penguin Press.

Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.

Harvey, D. (2006). Notes towards a theory of uneven geographical development. In Harvey, D. (Eds.), Spaces of Global Capitalism (pp. 69-116). Verso.

Hathaway, D. A. (1993). Can Workers Have A Voice? The Politics of Deindustrialization in Pittsburgh. The Pennsylvania State University Press.

High, S. (2013). “The Wounds of Class”: A Historiographical Reflection on the Study of Deindustrialization, 1973-2013. Compass, 11(11), 994-1007. 10.1111/hic3.12099

High, S. & Lewis, D.W. (2007). Corporate Wasteland: The Landscape and Memory of Deindustrialization. Cornell University Press. Hinshaw, J. (2002). Steel and Steelworkers : Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-century Pittsburgh. State University of New York Press.

Hinshaw, J. (2002). Steel and Steelworkers : Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-century Pittsburgh. State University of New York Press.

Hoerr, J. P. (1988). And the wolf finally came: the decline of the American steel industry: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Kim, J. W. Class, Community, and Social Ownership of Capital: The Case of Urban Politics in Pittsburgh.

Mackenzie, M., Collins, C., Connolly, J., Doyle, M., & McCartney, G. (2017a). Working-class discourses of politics, policy and health: 'I don't smoke; I don't drink. The only thing wrong with me is my health'. Policy & Politics, 45(2), 231-249. doi:10.1332/030557316X14534640177927

Marmot, M. G. (2003). Understanding Social Inequalities in Health. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 46 (S3), S9-S23. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2003.0070

Maseru, N. (Sept, 2021). Longevity Equity-forLife Expectancy. New Pittsburgh Courier. https://newpittsburghcourier.com/2021/09/15/longevity-equity-for-life-expectancy/#:~:text=A%20study%20by%20the%20Pitt%20Public%20Health,indicator%20of%20how%20long%20they%20will%20live.

Massey, D. (1995). Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social structures and the geography of production (2nd Edition). Palgrave Macmillan.

Massey, D. S. & Denton, N. A. (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Harvard University Press.

McLean K. (March, 2016) "There's nothing here": Deindustrialization as risk environment for overdose. Int J Drug Policy. 2016 Mar;29:19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.01.009. Epub 2016 Jan 18. PMID: 26868674.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2020). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook Fourth Edition. Sage Publications.

O’Brien, D. T., Farrell, C. & Welsh, B. C. (2019). Broken (windows) theory: A meta-analysis of the evidence for the pathways from neighborhood disorder to resident health outcomes and behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, 228, 272-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.015

Office of Environmental Justice. (2025). PennEnviroScreen [Data set]. PA Department of Environmental Protection. https://gis.dep.pa.gov/PennEnviroScreen/

Pagano, M. A. & Bowman, A. O. (2000). Vacant Land in Cities: An Urban Resource. The Brookings Institution Survey Series December 2000, 1-9.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2010). A New Way to Talk About The Social Determinants of Health. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2010/01/a-new-way-to-talk-about-the-social-determinants-of-health.html

Sissons, P. (2011). The Longer-Term Impacts of Deindustrialization in Pittsburgh’s Monongahela River Valley. The Pennsylvania Geographer, 49(2), 3-33

Smith, N. (2008). Uneven development. [electronic resource]: nature, capital, and the production of space (3rd ed. ed.). University of Georgia Press

South, E. (2021, October 8). To Combat Gun Violence, Clean Up the Neighborhood. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/gun-violence-biden-philadelphia.html?smid=em-share

Strangleman, T., Rhodes, J., & Linkon, S. (2013). Introduction to Crumbling Cultures: Deindustrialization, Class & Memory. International Labor and Working-Class Labor History, 84, 7-22. doi: 10.1017/S0147547913000227

Stitt, J. (2021, March 12). Allegheny County: Money available for communities to address blight. Mon Valley Independent. https://monvalleyindependent.com/2020/12/mckeesport-projects-benefit-from-nap-funding/

Stitt, J. (2021a, May 10). McKeesport will seek $250k for improvements. Mon Valley Independent. https://monvalleyindependent.com/2021/05/mckeesport-will-seek-250k-for-improvements/

The Tube City Almanac. (2021, September 7). [Staff Report] $1.9million in County Aid for Blight Removal Projects. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=2444&fbclid=IwAR1p8dCMocANBXL9AbZyDzo4sgyU-r4BIy9cl2Ur3NLwdVwkubV3T70Hobw

Togyer, J. (2017a, May 8). 33 Additional Homes Added to City’s Demolition List. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=534#body-anchor

Togyer, J. (2017, December 6). Mayor Announces Ambitious 2018 Plans for Paving, Blight Removal. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=800

Togyer, J. (2018c, May 3). The Tube City Almanac. City on Track to Demolish 300 Vacant Homes in 2018. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=1009#body-anchor

Togyer, J. (2018b, July 13). 172 Houses Head to Demolition; At Least 50 More to Be Added. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=1083#body-anchor

Togyer, J. (2018a, September 6). More Vacant Houses to Face City Wreaking Ball. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=1146#body-anchor

Togyer, J. (2018, October 14). Emergency Demolition of Bowman Ave. Building Will, Cost

Togyer, J. (2021b, May 6). City OKs Demolition Near New Senior Building. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=2300#body-anchor

Togyer, J. (2021a, May 25). State Funds Will Aid City Demolition Program. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=2324

Togyer, J. (2021, June 6). More Vacant Buildings Face Demolition. The Tube City Almanac. http://almanac.tubecityonline.com/almanac/?e=2331#body-anchor

Toker, F. (1986). Pittsburgh: An Urban Portrait. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

University of Pittsurgh. (2025). Western PA Regional Data Center. Allegheny County, City of Pittsburgh, National Neighborhood Indicators Partnership. https://data.wprdc.org/dataset/

U.S. Department of Commerce. (1950). 1950 Census of Population. Retrieved from https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/pc-02/pc-2-46.pdf

Vertullo, J. R. (2011, October 5). McKeesport to tackle next round of demolitions. Tribune Review. https://archive.triblive.com/news/mckeesport-to-tackle-next-round-of-demolitions/

Vitale, P. (2015). Decline is Renewal. Journal of Urban History, 41(1), 34-39. doi:10.1177/0096144214551732

Walks, R. A. (2009). The urban in fragile, uncertain, neoliberal times: towards new geographies of social justice? Canadian Geographer, 53(3), 345-356. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00268.x

Walsh, D., McCartney, G., Collins, C., Talbut, M., & Batty, G.D. (2017). History, politics and vulnerability: explaining excess mortality in Scotland and Glasgow. The Royal Society for Public Health, 151, 1-12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.05.016

Winant, G. (2019). "Hard Times Make for Hard Arteries and Hard Livers": Deindustrialization, Biopolitics, and the Making of a New Working Class. Journal of Social History, 53(1), 107-132. doi:10.1093/jsh/shy111

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2026 Hannah Hardy, Sabina Deitrick