Harnessing citizen science to assess and improve utilization of metropolitan parks: the Park Activity, Recreation, and Community, Study (PARCS) in St. Louis, MO
PDF
HTML

How to Cite

O’Connor, A., King, A., Ann Banchoff, Amy Eyler, Rodrigo Reis, Ross Brownson, Eugen Resendiz, Derek Holland, & Deborah Salvo. (2021). Harnessing citizen science to assess and improve utilization of metropolitan parks: the Park Activity, Recreation, and Community, Study (PARCS) in St. Louis, MO. Journal of Healthy Eating and Active Living, 1(4), 198–215. https://doi.org/10.51250/jheal.v1i4.29

Abstract

Access to and use of parks is associated with physical activity participation. Our Voice is a systematic method blending community-based participatory research (CBPR) and citizen science. As part of a comprehensive, mixed-methods study in St. Louis, Missouri (PARCS), we tested the feasibility of the Our Voice method for gathering community input on the barriers to and facilitators of accessibility and use of large metropolitan parks, by describing the implementation of the Our Voice method among recreational and commuter users of a large metropolitan park in St. Louis, MO. Due to challenges posed by COVID-19, the Our Voice methodology was adapted for remote participation. Twenty-three citizen scientists (14 recreational park users and 9 commuters) collected and analyzed geolocated route, photo, and audio or text data on facilitators and barriers to park use and access. They identified 6 priority themes and 12 solution ideas, and presented them to stakeholders. In contrast to previous Our Voice studies, separate user groups (recreation and commuter users) independently prioritized many of the same themes. Adaptation of the Our Voice protocol to virtual practices during COVID-19 revealed positive implications for cost, reach, and scale of studies grounded in CBPR and citizen science. We provide a set of recommended practices for using Our Voice as a method to evaluate and promote equity of access and use of metropolitan parks.

https://doi.org/10.51250/jheal.v1i4.29
PDF
HTML

References

Bedimo-Rung, A. L., Mowen, A. J., & Cohen, D. A. (2005). The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: A conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2 SUPPL. 2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024

Buman, M. P., Bertmann, F., Hekler, E. B., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., King, A. C., & Wharton, C. M. (2015). A qualitative study of shopper experiences at an urban farmers’ market using the Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool. Public Health Nutrition, 18(6), 994–1000. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001400127X

Buman, M. P., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., Hekler, E. B., Otten, J. J., Grieco, L. A., & King, A. C. (2013). The stanford healthy neighborhood discovery tool: A computerized tool to assess active living environments. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(4), e41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.028

Chrisinger, B. W., Ramos, A., Shaykis, F., Martinez, T., Banchoff, A. W., Winter, S. J., & King, A. C. (2018). Leveraging citizen science for healthier food environments: A pilot study to evaluate corner stores in camden, New Jersey. Frontiers in Public Health, 6(MAR). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00089

Doolittle, A. & Faul, A. C. (2013). Civic engagement scale: A validation study. SAGE Open, 3(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013495542

Ferdinand, A. O., Sen, B., Rahurkar, S., Engler, S., & Menachemi, N. (2012). The relationship between built environments and physical activity: A systematic review. In American Journal of Public Health (Vol. 102, Issue 10, p. e7). American Public Health Association. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300740

Fermino, R., Reis, R., Hallal, P. C., & Kaczynski, A. T. (2015). Who are the users of urban parks? A study with adults from Curitiba, Brazil. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0482

Gascon, M., Mas, M. T., Martínez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., Plasència, A., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015). Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: A systematic review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 4354–4379). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120404354

Gelormino, E., Melis, G., Marietta, C., & Costa, G. (2015). From built environment to health inequalities: An explanatory framework based on evidence. In Preventive Medicine Reports (Vol. 2, pp. 737–745). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.08.019

González, S. A., Rubio, M. A., Triana, C. A., King, A. C., Banchoff, A. W., & Sarmiento, O. L. (2021). Building healthy schools through technology-enabled citizen science: The case of the our voice participatory action model in schools from Bogotá, Colombia. Global Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1869285

Humpel, N., Owen, N., & Leslie, E. (2002). Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity. A review. In American Journal of Preventive Medicine (Vol. 22, Issue 3, pp. 188–199). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00426-3

Israel, B. A., Coombe, C. M., Cheezum, R. R., Schulz, A. J., McGranaghan, R. J., Lichtenstein, R., Reyes, A. G., Clement, J., & Burris, A. (2010). Community-based participatory research: A capacity-building approach for policy advocacy aimed at eliminating health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 100(11), 2094–2102. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170506

Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B. (1998). Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. In Annual Review of Public Health (Vol. 19, pp. 173–202). Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173

Jennings, V., Larson, L., & Yun, J. (2016). Advancing sustainability through urban green space: Cultural ecosystem services, equity, and social determinants of health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020196

Jimenez, M. P., DeVille, N. V., Elliott, E. G., Schiff, J. E., Wilt, G. E., Hart, J. E., & James, P. (2021). Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790

Kaczynski, A. T. & Henderson, K. A. (2007). Environmental correlates of physical activity: A review of evidence about parks and recreation. In Leisure Sciences (Vol. 29, Issue 4, pp. 315–354). https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400701394865

Kaźmierczak, A. (2013). The contribution of local parks to neighbourhood social ties. Landscape and Urban Planning, 109(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.007

King, A. C., King, D. K., Banchoff, A., Solomonov, S., Natan, O. B., Hua, J., Gardiner, P., Rosas, L. G., Espinosa, P. R., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J., Salvo, D., Aguilar-Farias, N., Stathi, A., Hino, A. A., & Porter, M. M. (2020). Employing participatory citizen science methods to promote age-friendly environments worldwide. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051541

King, A. C., Odunitan-Wayas, F. A., Chaudhury, M., Rubio, M. A., Baiocchi, M., Kolbe-Alexander, T., Montes, F., Banchoff, A., Sarmiento, O. L., Bälter, K., Hinckson, E., Chastin, S., Lambert, E. V., González, S. A., Guerra, A. M., Gelius, P., Zha, C., Sarabu, C., Kakar, P. A., … Gardiner, P. A. (2021). Community-based approaches to reducing health inequities and fostering environmental justice through global youth-engaged citizen science. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030892

King, A. C., Winter, S. J., Chrisinger, B. W., Hua, J., & Banchoff, A. W. (2019). Maximizing the promise of citizen science to advance health and prevent disease. In Preventive Medicine (Vol. 119, pp. 44–47). Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.12.016

King, A. C., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., Rosas, L. G., Buman, M. P., Salvo, D., Rodriguez, N. M., Seguin, R. A., Moran, M., Garber, R., Broderick, B., Zieff, S. G., Sarmiento, O. L., Gonzalez, S. A., Banchoff, A., & Dommarco, J. R. (2016). Leveraging Citizen Science and Information Technology for Population Physical Activity Promotion. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 1(4), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1249/tjx.0000000000000003

Kruizse, H., van der Vliet, N., Staatsen, B., Bell, R., Chiabai, A., Muiños, G., Higgins, S., Quiroga, S., Martinez-Juarez, P., Yngwe, M. A., Tsichlas, F., Karnaki, P., Lima, M. L., de Jalón, S. G., Khan, M., Morris, G., & Stegeman, I. (2019). Urban green space: creating a triple win for environmental sustainability, health, and health equity through behavior change. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 16, Issue 22). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224403

Lee, R. E., Booth, K. M., Reese-Smith, J. Y., Regan, G., & Howard, H. H. (2005). The Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) instrument: Evaluating features, amenities and incivilities of physical activity resources in urban neighborhoods. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-2-13

Leyden, K. M. (2003). Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1546–1551. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546

Maas, J., van Dillen, S. M. E., Verheij, R. A., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2009). Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health. Health and Place, 15(2), 586–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.006

McCormack, G. R., Rock, M., Toohey, A. M., & Hignell, D. (2010). Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health and Place, 16(4), 712–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003

McKenzie, T. L., Cohen, D. A., Sehgal, A., Williamson, S., & Golinelli, D. (2016). System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC): Reliability and Feasibility Measures. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3(s1), S208–S222. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s208

Moran, M. R., Werner, P., Doron, I., HaGani, N., Benvenisti, Y., King, A. C., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., Garber, R., Motro, H., & Ergon, S. (2017). Exploring the objective and perceived environmental attributes of older adults’ neighborhood walking routes: A mixed methods analysis. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 25(3), 420–431. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0165

Morgan Hughey, S., Kaczynski, A. T., Child, S., Moore, J. B., Porter, D., & Hibbert, J. (2017). Green and lean: Is neighborhood park and playground availability associated with youth obesity? Variations by gender, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. Preventive Medicine, 95, S101–S108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.024

Paulos, E., Honicky, R., & Hooker, B. (2008). Citizen Science: Enabling Participatory Urbanism. In Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics (pp. 414–436). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-152-0.ch028

Pratt, M., Sarmiento, O. L., Montes, F., Ogilvie, D., Marcus, B. H., Perez, L. G., Brownson, R. C., Alkandari, J. R., Andersen, L. B., Bauman, A. E., Blair, S. N., Bull, F. C., Craig, C. L., Ekelund, U., Goenka, S., Guthold, R., Hallal, P. C., Haskell, W. L., Heath, G. W., … Wells, J. C. (2012). The implications of megatrends in information and communication technology and transportation for changes in global physical activity. In The Lancet (Vol. 380, Issue 9838, pp. 282–293). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60736-3

Rodriguez, N. M., Arce, A., Kawaguchi, A., Hua, J., Broderick, B., Winter, S. J., & King, A. C. (2019). Enhancing safe routes to school programs through community-engaged citizen science: Two pilot investigations in lower density areas of Santa Clara County, California, USA. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6563-1

Rosas, L. G., Salvo, D., Winter, S. J., Cortes, D., Rivera, J., Rodriguez, N. M., & King, A. C. (2016). Harnessing Technology and Citizen Science to Support Neighborhoods that Promote Active Living in Mexico. Journal of Urban Health, 93(6), 953–973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0081-6

Rubio, M. A., Triana, C., King, A. C., Rosas, L. G., Banchoff, A. W., Rubiano, O., Chrisinger, B. W., & Sarmiento, O. L. (2021). Engaging citizen scientists to build healthy park environments in Colombia. Health Promotion International, 36(1), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa031

Rugel, E. J., Carpiano, R. M., Henderson, S. B., & Brauer, M. (2019). Exposure to natural space, sense of community belonging, and adverse mental health outcomes across an urban region. Environmental Research, 171, 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.034

Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Auffrey, C., Whitaker, R. C., Burdette, H. L., & Colabianchi, N. (2006). Measuring Physical Environments of Parks and Playgrounds: EAPRS Instrument Development and Inter-Rater Reliability.

Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., Salvo, D., Schipperijn, J., Smith, G., Cain, K. L., Davey, R., Kerr, J., Lai, P. C., Mitáš, J., Reis, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Schofield, G., Troelsen, J., Van Dyck, D., … Owen, N. (2016). Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 387(10034), 2207–2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2

Salvo, D., Banda, J. A., Sheats, J. L., Winter, S. J., Lopes dos Santos, D., & King, A. C. (2017). Impacts of a Temporary Urban Pop-Up Park on Physical Activity and Other Individual- and Community-Level Outcomes. Journal of Urban Health, 94(4), 470–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0167-9

Salvo, D., Reis, R. S., Sarmiento, O. L., & Pratt, M. (2014). Overcoming the challenges of conducting physical activity and built environment research in Latin America: IPEN Latin America. Preventive Medicine, 69(S), S86–S92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.014

Schipperijn, J., Cerin, E., Adams, M. A., Reis, R., Smith, G., Cain, K., Christiansen, L. B., van Dyck, D., Gidlow, C., Frank, L. D., Mitáš, J., Pratt, M., Salvo, D., Schofield, G., & Sallis, J. F. (2017). Access to parks and physical activity: An eight country comparison. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 27, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.010

Schmidt, T., Kerr, J., & Schipperijn, J. (2019). Associations between neighborhood open space features and walking and social interaction in older adults-a mixed methods study. Geriatrics (Switzerland), 4(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics4030041

Sheats, J. L., Winter, S. J., Romero, P. P., & King, A. C. (2017). FEAST: Empowering Community Residents to Use Technology to Assess and Advocate for Healthy Food Environments. Journal of Urban Health, 94(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0141-6

Statistics Canada. (2013). General Social Survey: An Overview. www.statcan.gc.ca,

Tuckett, A. G., Banchoff, A. W., Winter, S. J., & King, A. C. (2018). The built environment and older adults: A literature review and an applied approach to engaging older adults in built environment improvements for health. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/opn.12171

Tuckett, A. G., Freeman, A., Hetherington, S., Gardiner, P. A., & King, A. C. (2018). Older adults using our voice citizen science to create change in their neighborhood environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122685

Vanaken, G. J., & Danckaerts, M. (2018). Impact of green space exposure on children’s and adolescents’ mental health: A systematic review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 15, Issue 12). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122668

Wallis, L., Blessing, P., Dalwai, M., & Shin, S. Do. (2017). Integrating mHealth at point of care in low- and middle-income settings: The system perspective. Global Health Action, 10(sup3). https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1327686

Winter, S. J., Goldman Rosas, L., Padilla Romero, P., Sheats, J. L., Buman, M. P., Baker, C., & King, A. C. (2016). Using Citizen Scientists to Gather, Analyze, and Disseminate Information About Neighborhood Features That Affect Active Living. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(5), 1126–1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0241-x

Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., Salvo, D., Banda, J. A., Quinn, J., Rivera, B. R., & King, A. C. (2020). A Mixed Method Study to Inform the Implementation and Expansion of Pop-Up Parks for Economic, Behavioral, and Social Benefits. Journal of Urban Health, 97(4), 529–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00434-w

Wood, L., Hooper, P., Foster, S., & Bull, F. (2017). Public green spaces and positive mental health – investigating the relationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing. Health and Place, 48, 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.002

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2021 Aine O'Connor, Abby C. King, Ann Banchoff, Amy Eyler, Rodrigo S. Reis, Ross C. Brownson, Eugen Resendiz, Derek Holland, Deborah Salvo